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Ship Design in Practice: First Things First

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Authors: Jan Babicz

Published: 2020

Encyclopedia of Ship Knowledge

An essential guidebook for naval architects and shipowners interested to create significant ships. Written and edited by Jan Babicz, the former Chief Designer of Gdańsk Shipyard, Bureau Veritas Expert in Poland and Taiwan, the head of Hermann Buss GmbH supervision team in China. 

The book is primarily intended for both: practicing ship designers and for shipowners’ representatives participating in design of a new ship offering them some fundamental background. It is also relevant for naval architecture and marine engineering students and lectures.

This book makes no attempt to teach scientific naval architecture. Its main purpose is to give practical guidelines to create a significant ship or to participate in design process in a responsible way. Contrary to books written by authors with an academic background this book contains a lot of practical drawings which can be used for new designs. Photos are another important part of the book. It consists of five parts:


Part 1 describes a standard Ship Design Process with some examples.
Part 2 consists of Guidelines on Ship Arrangement and some examples.
Part 3 describes anchoring, mooring and life-saving equipment.
Part 4 discusses some of the safety problems.
Part 5 deals with basic knowledge of ship resistance, model tests, screw propellers, various types of rudders and power saving devices.

Paper cover, A4 format, 352 pages, 355 colourful photos, 120 drawings and diagrams. In addition appendixes containing 6 worked examples of conceptual designs, guidelines and large drawings.

 

Table of Content

FOREWORD................................................................................................................................... 7
PART 1 SHIP DESIGN PROCESS................................................................................................ 8
1.0 GENERAL....................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 PRELIMINARY SHIP DESIGN...................................................................................... 9
1.1.1 SETTING THE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS................................................................. 9
1.1.2 REFERENCE SHIPS................................................................................................... 11
1.1.3 SHIP CONCEPTS........................................................................................................ 21
1.1.4 SELECTION OF MAIN DIMENSIONS AND MAIN RATIOS..................................... 26
1.1.5 LIGHTHIP MASS AND CENTRE OF GRAVITY......................................................... 42
1.1.5.1 Lightship mass coefficient ............................................................................. 44
1.1.5.2 Lightship mass components ........................................................................... 47
1.1.6 EXAMPLE OF PRELIMINARY ARRANGEMENT...................................................... 51
1.1.7 EXAMPLE OF SHIP DESCRIPTION.......................................................................... 53
1.1.8 ASSESSMENT OF THE DESIGN............................................................................... 58
1.2 CONTRACT DESIGN.................................................................................................. 65
1.2.0 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 65
1.2.1 SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT DESIGN..................................................................... 65
1.2.2 SHIP VIBRATION......................................................................................................... 71
1.2.3 GUIDELINES ON THE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION............................................ 76
1.3 TECHNICAL DESIGN.................................................................................................. 79
1.3.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES............................................................................................. 79
1.3.2 APPROVAL OF TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION.................................................... 79
1.3.3 TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATON INDEX.................................................................... 80
1.3.4 CLASSIFICATION OF NEWBUILDINGS................................................................... 81
1.3.5 MIDSHIP SECTION..................................................................................................... 82
1.3.6 TANKS........................................................................................................................... 84
1.3.7 FREEBOARD PLAN AND EXTERNAL WATERTIGHT INTEGRITY PLAN............. 92
1.3.8 CAPACITY PLAN......................................................................................................... 93
1.3.9 STABILITY DOCUMENTATION.................................................................................. 96
PART 2 GUIDELINES ON SHIP ARRANGEMENT................................................................... 97
2.0 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 97
2.1 TYPE AND LOCALISATION OF ACCOMMODATION BLOCK............................... 100
2.2 GENERAL STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT ......................................................... 106
2.3 ARRANGEMENT OF ACCOMMODATION BLOCK................................................ 113
2.3.1 WORKING CONDITIONS AND CREW HABITABILITY.......................................... 113
2.3.2 NOISE AND VIBRATION........................................................................................... 115
2.3.3 BOARDING FACILITIES........................................................................................... 118
2.3.4 CONTROLLED ACCESS TO THE SHIP.................................................................. 121
2.3.5 STAIRS, PASSAGEWAYS AND EMERGENCY EXITS........................................... 123
2.3.6 OFFICES AND CONFERENCE ROOMS................................................................. 126
2.3.7 GALLEY AND MESSROOMS................................................................................... 129
2.3.8 RECREATION FACILITIES....................................................................................... 133
2.3.9 CABINS ...................................................................................................................... 135
2.3.10 WINDOWS.................................................................................................................. 144
2.3.11 LAUNDRIES............................................................................................................... 147
2.3.12 CHANGING ROOMS................................................................................................. 147
2.3.13 FIRST AID ROOM...................................................................................................... 148
2.3.14 STORE ROOMS, LOCKERS AND TECHNICAL SPACES..................................... 149
2.3.15 NAVIGATIONAL BRIDGE LAYOUT.......................................................................... 150
2.4 ARRANGEMENT OF SHIP FORE PART................................................................. 157
2.4.1 Stem shape and bow arrangement ............................................................ 157
2.4.2 ANCHORING EQUIPMENT...................................................................................... 166
2.4.3 FORECASTLE DECK PROTECTION...................................................................... 172
2.4.4 BOWTHRUSTER ROOM........................................................................................... 174
2.5 ARRANGEMENT OF CARGO AREA........................................................................ 178
2.5.0 GENERAL................................................................................................................... 178
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SHIP KNOWLEDGE ▪ Jan Babicz ▪ All rights reserved
SHIP DESIGN IN PRACTICE - FIRST THINGS FIRST
5
2.5.1 CARGO AREA OF BULK CARRIERS...................................................................... 179
2.5.2 CARGO AREA OF MULTI-PURPOSE VESSELS.................................................... 185
2.5.3 CARGO AREA OF CONTAINER SHIPS.................................................................. 188
2.5.3.0 General ................................................................................................................... 188
2.5.3.1 Hull Structure in Hold Region ................................................................... 188
2.5.3.2 Container Stowage Plan ................................................................................ 190
2.5.3.3 Holds ........................................................................................................................ 191
2.5.3.4 Lashing Bridges .................................................................................................. 193
2.6.1 AFT SHIP FORM........................................................................................................ 195
2.6.2 LOOKING FOR A RIGHT RUDDER.......................................................................... 205
2.6.3 RUDDER TYPES....................................................................................................... 205
2.6.4 RELATIVE POSITIONS OF THE PROPELLER AND THE RUDDER.................... 210
2.6.5 HANDLING OF STORES, SPARE PARTS, PROVISONS AND GARBAGE ......... 213
2.6.6 BASIC GUIDELINES FOR ENGINE ROOM LAYOUT............................................ 216
2.7 EXAMPLES OF SHIP AFT PART OPERATIONAL DESIGNS................................ 222
2.7.1 EXAMPLE 1 - MPV B = 15.80m................................................................................. 222
2.7.2 EXAMPLE - MULTI-PURPOSE VESSELS B = 18.20m........................................... 229
2.7.3 EXAMPLE 3 – LNG FEEDER B = 18.60m................................................................ 239
2.7.4 EXAMPLE 4 – MPV 660TEU..................................................................................... 239
2.7.5 EXAMPLE 5 – CONTAINER VESSEL 1300TEU...................................................... 239
2.7.6 EXAMPLE 6 – MPV 30.000DWT............................................................................... 239
2.7.7 EXAMPLE 7 - CONTAINER VESSEL B = 28.20m................................................... 239
2.7.8 EXAMPLE 8 - HANDYMAX BULKERS..................................................................... 239
PART 3 DECK EQUIPMENT..................................................................................................... 240
3.1 MOORING LAYOUTS................................................................................................ 240
3.2 EXAMPLES OF ANCHORING, MOORING AND TOWING ARRANGEMENTS.... 243
3.3 SAFER MOORING OPERATIONS........................................................................... 249
3.3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 249
3.3.2 Snap -back ............................................................................................................... 249
3.3.3 Safer Mooring Decks ....................................................................................... 250
3.3.4 Automooring ........................................................................................................ 251
3.4 LIFE-SAVING SYSTEM............................................................................................. 254
3.4.1 SURVIVAL CRAFTS AND RESCUE BOAT ARRANGEMENTS............................. 257
3.4.2 EXAMPLES OF SURVIVAL CRAFTS AND RESCUE BOAT ARRANGEMENTS. 268
3.4.3 SAFER LAUNCHING AND RECOVERY OF SURVIVAL CRAFTS........................ 274
PART 4 SAFETY......................................................................................................................... 275
4.1 PUTTING SAFETY FIRST?...................................................................................... 275
4.2 FIRE SAFETY OF MEGA CONTAINER SHIPS....................................................... 276
4.3 SAFETY OF PROPULSION AND STEERING ........................................................ 281
4.4 SHIP COLLISIONS.................................................................................................... 284
4.5 PROTECTION AGAINST FLOODING...................................................................... 287
4.5.1 Protection of the Engine Room against flooding ........................... 287
4.5.2 Limiting progressive flooding ................................................................... 289
4.6 LOST OF BALTIC ACE.............................................................................................. 291
4.7 SAFETY OF RO-RO VESSELS................................................................................ 294
PART 5 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE............................................................................................ 297
5.1 SHIP RESISTANCE................................................................................................... 297
5.2 HULL FORMS............................................................................................................. 300
5.3 SHIP MODEL TESTS................................................................................................. 306
5.3.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 306
5.3.1 BASIC TEST PROGRAM.......................................................................................... 307
5.3.2 PREPARATORY WORKS.......................................................................................... 308
5.3.3 FIRST STAGE............................................................................................................ 309
5.3.4 MANOEUVRABILITY TESTS.................................................................................... 313
5.3.5 SECOND STAGE....................................................................................................... 314
5.3.6 THIRD STAGE............................................................................................................ 315
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SHIP KNOWLEDGE ▪ Jan Babicz ▪ All rights reserved
SHIP DESIGN IN PRACTICE - FIRST THINGS FIRST
6
5.4 SCREW PROPELLERS............................................................................................. 316
5.4.1 CONVENTIONAL PROPELLERS............................................................................. 316
5.4.2 UNCONVENTIONAL PROPELLERS....................................................................... 318
5.4.2.1 Contracted and Loaded Tip (CLT) propeller ....................................... 318
5.4.2.2 Kappel Propellers ............................................................................................ 319
5.4.2.3 Stone Marine Propulsion NPT propeller .............................................. 320
5.4.3 CAVITATION............................................................................................................... 321
5.5 PROPELLER DESIGN GUIDELINES...................................................................... 323
5.6 SHIP MANOEUVRABILITY....................................................................................... 328
5.6.0 General ................................................................................................................... 328
5.6.1 Manoeuvring characteristics .................................................................. 329
5.6.2 Manoeuvrability parameters – according to IMO resolution MSC.137(76)....329
5.6.3 Manoeuvrability criteria ............................................................................. 329
5.6.4 Manouevring trials .......................................................................................... 330
5.7 RUDDERS.................................................................................................................. 334
5.7.0 General ................................................................................................................... 334
5.7.1 Rudder forces .................................................................................................... 334
5.7.2 Rudder working conditions ........................................................................ 335
5.7.2.1 Reynolds numbers ............................................................................................ 335
5.7.2.2 Angle of attack ................................................................................................... 335
5.7.3 Rudder profiles ................................................................................................. 335
5.7.4 RUDDER PROPERTIES........................................................................................... 336
5.7.4.1 Rudder area .......................................................................................................... 336
5.7.4.2 Thickness ............................................................................................................... 337
5.7.4.3 Span and chord ................................................................................................... 338
5.7.4.4 Geometric and effective aspect ratios ................................................ 338
5.7.4.5 Rudder resistance ............................................................................................ 338
5.7.4.6 Recommendations for practical ....................................................................
selection of the rudder properties ...................................................... 338
5.8 IMPROVING PROPULSIVE EFFICIENCY.............................................................. 339
5.8.1.1 Interaction of the hull , propeller and rudder ............................... 339
5.8.1.2 Reduction of propeller losses ................................................................ 339
5.8.2 PROPULSION IMPROVING DEVICES (PIDs)....................................................... 340
5.8.2.1 Asymmetric Stern .............................................................................................. 341
5.8.2.2 Grothues Spoilers ........................................................................................... 341
5.8.2.3 DSME Pre -Swirl Stator (PSS)......................................................................... 342
5.8.2.4 Schneekluth Wake Equalising Duct (WED)............................................. 342
5.8.2.5 Mevis Pre -Swirl Duct (PSD) ............................................................................ 344
5.8.2.6 Becker Twisted Fin ® .......................................................................................... 345
5.8.2.7 Propeller Boss Cap Fins (PBCF)................................................................... 346
5.8.2.8 Grim Vane Wheel .................................................................................................. 347
5.8.2.9 Propellers with End -plates and Kappel Propellers ...................... 348
5.8.2.10 Contra -rotating Propellers ...................................................................... 349
5.8.2.11 Podded CRP ........................................................................................................... 350
INNOVATIVE SHIP DESING...................................................................................................... 351

Authors: Jan Babicz

Published: 2020

Encyclopedia of Ship Knowledge

An essential guidebook for naval architects and shipowners interested to create significant ships. Written and edited by Jan Babicz, the former Chief Designer of Gdańsk Shipyard, Bureau Veritas Expert in Poland and Taiwan, the head of Hermann Buss GmbH supervision team in China. 

The book is primarily intended for both: practicing ship designers and for shipowners’ representatives participating in design of a new ship offering them some fundamental background. It is also relevant for naval architecture and marine engineering students and lectures.

This book makes no attempt to teach scientific naval architecture. Its main purpose is to give practical guidelines to create a significant ship or to participate in design process in a responsible way. Contrary to books written by authors with an academic background this book contains a lot of practical drawings which can be used for new designs. Photos are another important part of the book. It consists of five parts:


Part 1 describes a standard Ship Design Process with some examples.
Part 2 consists of Guidelines on Ship Arrangement and some examples.
Part 3 describes anchoring, mooring and life-saving equipment.
Part 4 discusses some of the safety problems.
Part 5 deals with basic knowledge of ship resistance, model tests, screw propellers, various types of rudders and power saving devices.

Paper cover, A4 format, 352 pages, 355 colourful photos, 120 drawings and diagrams. In addition appendixes containing 6 worked examples of conceptual designs, guidelines and large drawings.

 

Table of Content

FOREWORD................................................................................................................................... 7
PART 1 SHIP DESIGN PROCESS................................................................................................ 8
1.0 GENERAL....................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 PRELIMINARY SHIP DESIGN...................................................................................... 9
1.1.1 SETTING THE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS................................................................. 9
1.1.2 REFERENCE SHIPS................................................................................................... 11
1.1.3 SHIP CONCEPTS........................................................................................................ 21
1.1.4 SELECTION OF MAIN DIMENSIONS AND MAIN RATIOS..................................... 26
1.1.5 LIGHTHIP MASS AND CENTRE OF GRAVITY......................................................... 42
1.1.5.1 Lightship mass coefficient ............................................................................. 44
1.1.5.2 Lightship mass components ........................................................................... 47
1.1.6 EXAMPLE OF PRELIMINARY ARRANGEMENT...................................................... 51
1.1.7 EXAMPLE OF SHIP DESCRIPTION.......................................................................... 53
1.1.8 ASSESSMENT OF THE DESIGN............................................................................... 58
1.2 CONTRACT DESIGN.................................................................................................. 65
1.2.0 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 65
1.2.1 SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT DESIGN..................................................................... 65
1.2.2 SHIP VIBRATION......................................................................................................... 71
1.2.3 GUIDELINES ON THE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION............................................ 76
1.3 TECHNICAL DESIGN.................................................................................................. 79
1.3.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES............................................................................................. 79
1.3.2 APPROVAL OF TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION.................................................... 79
1.3.3 TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATON INDEX.................................................................... 80
1.3.4 CLASSIFICATION OF NEWBUILDINGS................................................................... 81
1.3.5 MIDSHIP SECTION..................................................................................................... 82
1.3.6 TANKS........................................................................................................................... 84
1.3.7 FREEBOARD PLAN AND EXTERNAL WATERTIGHT INTEGRITY PLAN............. 92
1.3.8 CAPACITY PLAN......................................................................................................... 93
1.3.9 STABILITY DOCUMENTATION.................................................................................. 96
PART 2 GUIDELINES ON SHIP ARRANGEMENT................................................................... 97
2.0 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 97
2.1 TYPE AND LOCALISATION OF ACCOMMODATION BLOCK............................... 100
2.2 GENERAL STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT ......................................................... 106
2.3 ARRANGEMENT OF ACCOMMODATION BLOCK................................................ 113
2.3.1 WORKING CONDITIONS AND CREW HABITABILITY.......................................... 113
2.3.2 NOISE AND VIBRATION........................................................................................... 115
2.3.3 BOARDING FACILITIES........................................................................................... 118
2.3.4 CONTROLLED ACCESS TO THE SHIP.................................................................. 121
2.3.5 STAIRS, PASSAGEWAYS AND EMERGENCY EXITS........................................... 123
2.3.6 OFFICES AND CONFERENCE ROOMS................................................................. 126
2.3.7 GALLEY AND MESSROOMS................................................................................... 129
2.3.8 RECREATION FACILITIES....................................................................................... 133
2.3.9 CABINS ...................................................................................................................... 135
2.3.10 WINDOWS.................................................................................................................. 144
2.3.11 LAUNDRIES............................................................................................................... 147
2.3.12 CHANGING ROOMS................................................................................................. 147
2.3.13 FIRST AID ROOM...................................................................................................... 148
2.3.14 STORE ROOMS, LOCKERS AND TECHNICAL SPACES..................................... 149
2.3.15 NAVIGATIONAL BRIDGE LAYOUT.......................................................................... 150
2.4 ARRANGEMENT OF SHIP FORE PART................................................................. 157
2.4.1 Stem shape and bow arrangement ............................................................ 157
2.4.2 ANCHORING EQUIPMENT...................................................................................... 166
2.4.3 FORECASTLE DECK PROTECTION...................................................................... 172
2.4.4 BOWTHRUSTER ROOM........................................................................................... 174
2.5 ARRANGEMENT OF CARGO AREA........................................................................ 178
2.5.0 GENERAL................................................................................................................... 178
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SHIP KNOWLEDGE ▪ Jan Babicz ▪ All rights reserved
SHIP DESIGN IN PRACTICE - FIRST THINGS FIRST
5
2.5.1 CARGO AREA OF BULK CARRIERS...................................................................... 179
2.5.2 CARGO AREA OF MULTI-PURPOSE VESSELS.................................................... 185
2.5.3 CARGO AREA OF CONTAINER SHIPS.................................................................. 188
2.5.3.0 General ................................................................................................................... 188
2.5.3.1 Hull Structure in Hold Region ................................................................... 188
2.5.3.2 Container Stowage Plan ................................................................................ 190
2.5.3.3 Holds ........................................................................................................................ 191
2.5.3.4 Lashing Bridges .................................................................................................. 193
2.6.1 AFT SHIP FORM........................................................................................................ 195
2.6.2 LOOKING FOR A RIGHT RUDDER.......................................................................... 205
2.6.3 RUDDER TYPES....................................................................................................... 205
2.6.4 RELATIVE POSITIONS OF THE PROPELLER AND THE RUDDER.................... 210
2.6.5 HANDLING OF STORES, SPARE PARTS, PROVISONS AND GARBAGE ......... 213
2.6.6 BASIC GUIDELINES FOR ENGINE ROOM LAYOUT............................................ 216
2.7 EXAMPLES OF SHIP AFT PART OPERATIONAL DESIGNS................................ 222
2.7.1 EXAMPLE 1 - MPV B = 15.80m................................................................................. 222
2.7.2 EXAMPLE - MULTI-PURPOSE VESSELS B = 18.20m........................................... 229
2.7.3 EXAMPLE 3 – LNG FEEDER B = 18.60m................................................................ 239
2.7.4 EXAMPLE 4 – MPV 660TEU..................................................................................... 239
2.7.5 EXAMPLE 5 – CONTAINER VESSEL 1300TEU...................................................... 239
2.7.6 EXAMPLE 6 – MPV 30.000DWT............................................................................... 239
2.7.7 EXAMPLE 7 - CONTAINER VESSEL B = 28.20m................................................... 239
2.7.8 EXAMPLE 8 - HANDYMAX BULKERS..................................................................... 239
PART 3 DECK EQUIPMENT..................................................................................................... 240
3.1 MOORING LAYOUTS................................................................................................ 240
3.2 EXAMPLES OF ANCHORING, MOORING AND TOWING ARRANGEMENTS.... 243
3.3 SAFER MOORING OPERATIONS........................................................................... 249
3.3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 249
3.3.2 Snap -back ............................................................................................................... 249
3.3.3 Safer Mooring Decks ....................................................................................... 250
3.3.4 Automooring ........................................................................................................ 251
3.4 LIFE-SAVING SYSTEM............................................................................................. 254
3.4.1 SURVIVAL CRAFTS AND RESCUE BOAT ARRANGEMENTS............................. 257
3.4.2 EXAMPLES OF SURVIVAL CRAFTS AND RESCUE BOAT ARRANGEMENTS. 268
3.4.3 SAFER LAUNCHING AND RECOVERY OF SURVIVAL CRAFTS........................ 274
PART 4 SAFETY......................................................................................................................... 275
4.1 PUTTING SAFETY FIRST?...................................................................................... 275
4.2 FIRE SAFETY OF MEGA CONTAINER SHIPS....................................................... 276
4.3 SAFETY OF PROPULSION AND STEERING ........................................................ 281
4.4 SHIP COLLISIONS.................................................................................................... 284
4.5 PROTECTION AGAINST FLOODING...................................................................... 287
4.5.1 Protection of the Engine Room against flooding ........................... 287
4.5.2 Limiting progressive flooding ................................................................... 289
4.6 LOST OF BALTIC ACE.............................................................................................. 291
4.7 SAFETY OF RO-RO VESSELS................................................................................ 294
PART 5 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE............................................................................................ 297
5.1 SHIP RESISTANCE................................................................................................... 297
5.2 HULL FORMS............................................................................................................. 300
5.3 SHIP MODEL TESTS................................................................................................. 306
5.3.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 306
5.3.1 BASIC TEST PROGRAM.......................................................................................... 307
5.3.2 PREPARATORY WORKS.......................................................................................... 308
5.3.3 FIRST STAGE............................................................................................................ 309
5.3.4 MANOEUVRABILITY TESTS.................................................................................... 313
5.3.5 SECOND STAGE....................................................................................................... 314
5.3.6 THIRD STAGE............................................................................................................ 315
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SHIP KNOWLEDGE ▪ Jan Babicz ▪ All rights reserved
SHIP DESIGN IN PRACTICE - FIRST THINGS FIRST
6
5.4 SCREW PROPELLERS............................................................................................. 316
5.4.1 CONVENTIONAL PROPELLERS............................................................................. 316
5.4.2 UNCONVENTIONAL PROPELLERS....................................................................... 318
5.4.2.1 Contracted and Loaded Tip (CLT) propeller ....................................... 318
5.4.2.2 Kappel Propellers ............................................................................................ 319
5.4.2.3 Stone Marine Propulsion NPT propeller .............................................. 320
5.4.3 CAVITATION............................................................................................................... 321
5.5 PROPELLER DESIGN GUIDELINES...................................................................... 323
5.6 SHIP MANOEUVRABILITY....................................................................................... 328
5.6.0 General ................................................................................................................... 328
5.6.1 Manoeuvring characteristics .................................................................. 329
5.6.2 Manoeuvrability parameters – according to IMO resolution MSC.137(76)....329
5.6.3 Manoeuvrability criteria ............................................................................. 329
5.6.4 Manouevring trials .......................................................................................... 330
5.7 RUDDERS.................................................................................................................. 334
5.7.0 General ................................................................................................................... 334
5.7.1 Rudder forces .................................................................................................... 334
5.7.2 Rudder working conditions ........................................................................ 335
5.7.2.1 Reynolds numbers ............................................................................................ 335
5.7.2.2 Angle of attack ................................................................................................... 335
5.7.3 Rudder profiles ................................................................................................. 335
5.7.4 RUDDER PROPERTIES........................................................................................... 336
5.7.4.1 Rudder area .......................................................................................................... 336
5.7.4.2 Thickness ............................................................................................................... 337
5.7.4.3 Span and chord ................................................................................................... 338
5.7.4.4 Geometric and effective aspect ratios ................................................ 338
5.7.4.5 Rudder resistance ............................................................................................ 338
5.7.4.6 Recommendations for practical ....................................................................
selection of the rudder properties ...................................................... 338
5.8 IMPROVING PROPULSIVE EFFICIENCY.............................................................. 339
5.8.1.1 Interaction of the hull , propeller and rudder ............................... 339
5.8.1.2 Reduction of propeller losses ................................................................ 339
5.8.2 PROPULSION IMPROVING DEVICES (PIDs)....................................................... 340
5.8.2.1 Asymmetric Stern .............................................................................................. 341
5.8.2.2 Grothues Spoilers ........................................................................................... 341
5.8.2.3 DSME Pre -Swirl Stator (PSS)......................................................................... 342
5.8.2.4 Schneekluth Wake Equalising Duct (WED)............................................. 342
5.8.2.5 Mevis Pre -Swirl Duct (PSD) ............................................................................ 344
5.8.2.6 Becker Twisted Fin ® .......................................................................................... 345
5.8.2.7 Propeller Boss Cap Fins (PBCF)................................................................... 346
5.8.2.8 Grim Vane Wheel .................................................................................................. 347
5.8.2.9 Propellers with End -plates and Kappel Propellers ...................... 348
5.8.2.10 Contra -rotating Propellers ...................................................................... 349
5.8.2.11 Podded CRP ........................................................................................................... 350
INNOVATIVE SHIP DESING...................................................................................................... 351

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£15.99
Book of the Month February 2025. Lightships guided ships of all nations past offshore reefs and sandbanks that posed extreme hazards to navigation where lighthouses could not be built. This book describes their design, construction and evolution over more than two centuries of service.
Picture of OCIMF - Guidelines for the Design, Operation and Maintenance of Multi Buoy Moorings (MBM)

OCIMF - Guidelines for the Design, Operation and Maintenance of Multi Buoy Moorings (MBM)

£190.00
Guidelines for the Design, Operation and Maintenance of Multi Buoy Moorings (MBM)