Designing the Electric Energy System of Ships, 2nd Edition

2nd edition published August 2022

This guide to designing the electric energy system of ships covers the following topics:

• The main operation of electric load balance analysis, accompanied by the generator energy systems
• The detailed method of electric load balance analysis, accompanied by the generator sizing procedure
• The major issues of short circuit calculation study, mainly as outlined by IEC61363
• The generic method of designing the electric power distribution network of the ship
• The major issues of the synchronised operation of ship generators
• An overview of the power supply quality terms as met aboard a ship
• The methodology to design the most efficient earthing scheme of a ship electric energy system is presented

The authors have made a special effort not to repeat the knowledge already published in the well-renowned textbooks of the international literature but instead, to complement it. Hence, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the information provided in this book is original and instructive, having considered certain improvements in the design of ship electric energy systems over the years.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

Chapter 1 Generic Configurations of Ship Electric Energy Systems

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Operation frequency and voltage

Chapter 2 Electric Load Balance Analysis

2.1 Ship energy profile and operation modes

2.2 Preliminary electric balance

2.2.1 ‘Sailing at sea’ operation mode

2.2.2 ‘Port’ operation mode

2.2.3 ‘Manoeuvring’ operation mode

2.3 Analytic electric load analysis

2.3.1 Auxiliaries of main propulsion engine

2.3.2 Auxiliaries of engine room

2.3.3 Main deck auxiliaries

2.3.4 Ventilation and air conditioning systems

2.3.5 Galleys and laundry

2.3.6 Lightings

2.4 Extending electric power balance analysis

2.4.1 Reactive power balance

2.4.2 Efficiency as a function of service load factor

2.4.3 Extended electric load analysis

2.5 Selection criteria for number and rated power of generator sets

2.5.1 Emergency generators

2.5.2 Shore connection

2.5.3 Load shedding system (preferential tripping system)

Chapter 3 Short Circuit Calculation Study

3.1 Short circuit definition

3.2 Adverse consequences of short circuits

3.3 Standards, rules and regulations

3.4 Protection against short circuits

3.5 The electric grid during short circuit

3.6 Symmetrical three-phase short circuit faults

3.6.1 Contribution of synchronous machines

3.6.2 Contribution of asynchronous machines

3.6.3 Contribution of passive elements

3.7 Unbalanced short circuit faults

3.7.1 Analysis of unbalanced operating conditions via symmetrical components

3.7.2 Analysis of unbalanced operating conditions via Millman’s Law

3.8 Uses of short circuit calculation study

Chapter 4 Design of Electric Power Distribution Network

4.1 Electrical installation

4.1.1 Cable rating

4.1.2 Voltage drop

4.2 Switchboard components

4.2.1 Fuse rating

4.2.2 Circuit breaker rating

4.2.3 Bus-bar rating

4.3 Power distribution network configurations

4.4 Protection devices co-ordination – selectivity

4.4.1 Selectivity in radial networks

4.4.2 Selectivity in loop networks

4.5 Protective equipment for technicians – arc-flash study

Chapter 5 Synchronised Operation of Generators

5.1 Three-phase auxiliary AC generators – main principles of operation

5.1.1 Speed governor and voltage controller

5.2 Shaft generator schemes

5.3 Generators synchronisation – conditions for parallel operation

5.4 Synchronising procedure control

5.5 Active load sharing

5.5.1 Parallel operation of a generator with an infinite bus

5.6 Mathematical relationships P-δ and Q-V

5.7 Reactive load sharing

5.8 The special case of the shaft generator systems

5.9 Primary load sharing

5.10 Secondary load sharing

Chapter 6 Power Supply Quality Problems in Ship Electric Grids

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Harmonic distortion

6.3 Voltage unbalance

6.4 Leakage capacitive currents

6.5 Spikes and transients

6.5.1 Surge protection devices (SPDs)

6.5.2 Surge arrester installation points

6.6 Dips and swells

6.6.1 Fault-induced dips

6.6.2 Motor voltage dips

6.6.3 Transformer voltage dips

6.7 Modulation/pulsed loads

6.8 Classification-identification of voltage dips

Chapter 7 Earthing Schemes of Ship Grids

7.1 Ship electric network earthing – an overview

7.2 Unbalanced operation – sequence networks

7.2.1 Single-phase fault

7.2.2 Two-phase earth fault

7.2.3 Single-phase open circuit operation

7.2.4 Two-phase open circuit operation

7.2.5 Operation with harmonic distortion

7.3 Adjusting the earthing quality

7.3.1 Method to assess the overall earthing quality

7.3.2 Numerical case study

Chapter 8 Performing Techno-economic Analysis of Ships

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Net present value (NPV)

8.3 Internal rate of return on investment (IRR)

8.4 Discounted payback (DPB) period

8.5 CAPEX and OPEX indices

8.6 Present worth cost (PWC) of the life cycle

Literature

Standards

Books

Papers

Webpages

Appendix

Appendix A – The per unit (pu) reference system

Appendix B – Negative-sequence reactance X2

Appendix C – Representative example of short circuit study

Appendix D – Tables of cables and bus-bars

Appendix E – Techno-economic analysis case study

Appendix F - Ship electric energy system design